L’article examine la reprise que le « prince des Averroïstes » Jean de Jandun fait de cette phrase délicate d’Averroès, tirée de son Grand Commentaire du De anima d’Aristote : « forte igitur philosophia invenitur in maiori parte subiecti in omni tempore ». On cherche à montrer par l’analyse des textes que l’interprétation du maître ès arts s’écarte radicalement de la pensée du Cordouan qu’il prétend suivre. Tandis qu’Averroès suppose l’existence continue d’au moins un philosophe dans le monde, (...) class='Hi'>Jean de Jandun, rejetant comme irréaliste l’idée d’un homme parfait en qui s’incarnerait tout le savoir, et tributaire d’une erreur de traduction arabo-latine qui donne « sujet » pour « lieu », soutient qu’il n’y a chaque fois de perfection que si l’on totalise tous les savoirs particuliers des différents penseurs en activité sur la terre. Autrement dit, la philosophie est parfaite, certes, mais il n’y a pas de philosophe parfait. C’est coniunctim que la science est achevée, et non pas divisim. Un tel constat, qui rapproche l’analyse de Jean de celle menée par Dante au début de sa Monarchia, permet deux révisions : d’une part, l’idée d’un « averroïsme » latin réactionnaire, se contentant de répéter les paroles du maître, est à revoir ; d’autre part, cela signifie qu’il n’y a pas chez Jean les bases théoriques de l’idéal éthico-intellectualiste dont l’historiographie moderne assure qu’il en fut le champion parisien. (shrink)

The aim of J.-L. Marion’s article is to revisit the important debate on the place of Augustine in the history of metaphysics. Often, quibbles arise upon considering the use of substance (substantia) by Augustine, not only as approximative of essentia and as synonymous with ousia, but in deciding whether in so doing Augustine effectuates a ‘metaphysical turn’. While he elsewhere argues that Augustine is a pre-metaphysical thinker, in this article Marion focuses on showing the diverse range of usages of the (...) term substance in the Augustinian corpus. Marion observes: first, whenever substance seems a fixed definition, the term allows for equivocity; second, God is substance in an indeterminate sense or by negation; third, human beings are substances fundamentally to capture the mutability of human existence. As such, Marion concludes, the Augustinian use of substance is insufficient to inelude Augustine in the history of metaphysics. (shrink)

Using the same technique employed in The Tragic Finale, Desan now has written an admirable guide to Sartre's Critique de la Raison Dialectique. Desan begins by tracing Sartre's development from the time of L'Etre et le Néant with careful attention to the heated controversies that appeared in Les Temps Modernes. This provides the context for a lucid and fair explication of the main argument of the Critique. Throughout, Desan has maintained a judicious balance between exposition, explication, and criticism. The study (...) can not replace the reading of the original work, but there is no doubt that it serves as an excellent guide through the labyrinth of Sartre's intricate and turgid dialectic.—R. J. B. (shrink)

Le parcours de Maurice Merleau-Ponty ne peut se comprendre sans le fil rouge de la Psychanalyse : dès sa thèse, il restaure le primat de la perception et du corps sexué à la lumière de Freud et de Binswanger. A la Sorbonne, il renouvelle la Psychologie de l'enfant en y intégrant M. Klein, J. Lacan et F. Dolto. Au Collège de France plusieurs cours font des rêves et de la libido une dimension inéluctable de l'humain. De nombreux psychanalystes et psychiatres (...) se sont " laissés interroger par lui " : citons : H. Ey, A. Hesnard, P. Fédida, A. Green, J. Laplanche, J.-B. Pontalis, Luce Irigaray...Š. (shrink)

The Latin manuscript of Hobbes’s critique of White’s De mundo dialogi tres was discovered among the Mersenne papers in the Bibliothèque Nationale by Jean Jacquot and published by Jacquot and Jones. The present English translation makes generally available a text that, while following the disposition of White’s, goes beyond commentary to constitute a work of philosophy in its own right and a significant addition to the Hobbesian corpus.

1 Evidence-based policy requires researchers to provide the answers to ecological questions that are of interest to policy makers. To find out what those questions are in the UK, representatives from 28 organizations involved in policy, together with scientists from 10 academic institutions, were asked to generate a list of questions from their organizations. 2 During a 2-day workshop the initial list of 1003 questions generated from consulting at least 654 policy makers and academics was used as a basis for (...) generating a short list of 100 questions of significant policy relevance. Short-listing was decided on the basis of the preferences of the representatives from the policy-led organizations. 3 The areas covered included most major issues of environmental concern in the UK, including agriculture, marine fisheries, climate change, ecosystem function and land management. 4 The most striking outcome was the preference for general questions rather than narrow ones. The reason is that policy is driven by broad issues rather than specific ones. In contrast, scientists are frequently best equipped to answer specific questions. This means that it may be necessary to extract the underpinning specific question before researchers can proceed. 5 Synthesis and applications. Greater communication between policy makers and scientists is required in order to ensure that applied ecologists are dealing with issues in a way that can feed into policy. It is particularly important that applied ecologists emphasize the generic value of their work wherever possible. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in widespread disruption of the typical way of doing things. In nearly every industry, responses to the pandemic have brought about departures from standard opera...

Background The literature on the ethics of biobanking often overlooks the practical operations of biobanks. The ethics of stewardship requires that biobank resources are used to conduct beneficial science. Networked biobanks have emerged to increase the scientific benefit of biobank resources, but little is known about whether and how operations of networking may accomplish this goal.Methods As part of a larger study on the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of networked biobanking, we conducted 38 interviews with representatives of 31 (...) networked biobanks. Interviews explored operations of the networks. We used thematic analysis to examine how respondents describe three topics associated with stewarding biobank resources—funding, utilization, and sustainability.Results Our results highlight that funding, utilization, and sustainability are critical not only to the operation of biobanks, but also to the ethical obligations that biobankers owe to stakeholders to steward the resources. Based on prior research, we hypothesized that respondents would describe networking as beneficial to increasing funding, utilization, and sustainability of the network. Respondents generally found value in networked biobanking, but networking did not necessarily increase funding, utilization, and sustainability.Conclusion The results presented here support inclusion of funding, utilization, and sustainability as topics of ethical concern in the practice of biobanking and networked biobanking. These issues are rooted in the stewardship obligations that biobankers feel to their partners, client investigators, and participants. The goal of promoting stewardship through networking requires significant time and effort to build governance models that honor the obligations of each individual biobank to their donors and advance the collective goals of the network. We conclude with suggestions offered by respondents to address improving these aspects of stewardship. (shrink)

This book assesses how Vatican II opened up the Catholic Church to encounter, dialogue, and engagement with other world religions. Opening with a contribution from the President of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran, it next explores the impact, relevance, and promise of the Declaration Nostra Aetate before turning to consider how Vatican II in general has influenced interfaith dialogue and the intellectual and comparative study of world religions in the postconciliar decades, as well as the (...) contribution of particular past and present thinkers to the formation of current interreligious and comparative theological methods. Additionally, chapters consider interreligious dialogue vis-à-vis theological anthropology in conciliar documents; openness to the spiritual practices of other faith traditions as a way of encouraging positive interreligious encounter; the role of lay and new ecclesial movements in interreligious dialogue; and the development of Monastic Interreligious Dialogue. Finally, it includes a range of perspectives on the fruits and future of Vatican’s II’s opening to particular faiths such as Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. (shrink)

The coronavirus disease pandemic fundamentally disrupted humans’ social life and behavior. Public health measures may have inadvertently impacted how people care for each other. This study investigated prosocial behavior, its association well-being, and predictors of prosocial behavior during the first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and sought to understand whether region-specific differences exist. Participants from eight regions clustering multiple countries around the world responded to a cross-sectional online-survey investigating the psychological consequences of the first upsurge of lockdowns in spring 2020. Prosocial behavior (...) was reported to occur frequently. Multiple regression analyses showed that prosocial behavior was associated with better well-being consistently across regions. With regard to predictors of prosocial behavior, high levels of perceived social support were most strongly associated with prosocial behavior, followed by high levels of perceived stress, positive affect and psychological flexibility. Sociodemographic and psychosocial predictors of prosocial behavior were similar across regions. (shrink)

BackgroundIn the Canadian Alliance for Healthy Hearts and Minds (CAHHM) cohort, participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, heart, and abdomen, that generated incidental findings (IFs). The approach to managing these unexpected results remain a complex issue. Our objectives were to describe the CAHHM policy for the management of IFs, to understand the impact of disclosing IFs to healthy research participants, and to reflect on the ethical obligations of researchers in future MRI studies.MethodsBetween 2013 and 2019, 8252 participants (...) (mean age 58 ± 9 years, 54% women) were recruited with a follow-up questionnaire administered to 909 participants (40% response rate) at 1-year. The CAHHM policy followed a restricted approach, whereby routine feedback on IFs was not provided. Only IFs of severe structural abnormalities were reported.ResultsSevere structural abnormalities occurred in 8.3% (95% confidence interval 7.7–8.9%) of participants, with the highest proportions found in the brain (4.2%) and abdomen (3.1%). The majority of participants (97%) informed of an IF reported no change in quality of life, with 3% of participants reporting that the knowledge of an IF negatively impacted their quality of life. Furthermore, 50% reported increased stress in learning about an IF, and in 95%, the discovery of an IF did not adversely impact his/her life insurance policy. Most participants (90%) would enrol in the study again and perceived the MRI scan to be beneficial, regardless of whether they were informed of IFs. While the implications of a restricted approach to IF management was perceived to be mostly positive, a degree of diagnostic misconception was present amongst participants, indicating the importance of a more thorough consent process to support participant autonomy.ConclusionThe management of IFs from research MRI scans remain a challenging issue, as participants may experience stress and a reduced quality of life when IFs are disclosed. The restricted approach to IF management in CAHHM demonstrated a fair fulfillment of the overarching ethical principles of respect for autonomy, concern for wellbeing, and justice. The approach outlined in the CAHHM policy may serve as a framework for future research studies.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct02220582. (shrink)

Le débat entre E. Peterson et C. Schmitt des années 1930 sur le théologico-politique a laissé une question irrésolue qui resurgit dans les sociétés pluralistes postmodernes. La nouvelle théologie politique du théologien de Münster J.B. Metz la réactive en proposant au fil de son oeuvre une éthique politique comme éthique du changement social. En sous-estimant le caractère polémique du politique et la fragilité des sujets dont l’identité est devenue précaire, Metz parvient sûrement à une théologie critique mais demeure incertain sur (...) le versant de l’invention politique proprement dite de la société. L’opposition de J. Milbank à cette théologie politique ne dirime pas la question et demeure dans un geste uniquement critique en proposant une contre-éthique, une contre-ontologie, un contre-royaume par la mise en oeuvre de pratiques narratives, rituelles et sociales. Un débat entre la théologie de J.B. Metz et la pensée communautariste de S. Hauerwas pourrait peut-être affronter la question de l’avènement des sujets capables d’invention politique dans les sociétés complexes de la postmodernité. (shrink)

This book presents a collection of contemporary discourses that reconsider the relationship of democracy as a political ideology and American ideal and education as the foundation of preparing democratic citizens in America.

The social, educational and political writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau have become enormously influential in the 200 years since his death. But the breadth as well as the depth of Rousseau's achievement - he was amongst other things a creative writer and musical composer as well as a philosopher - is not always appreciated. In around 100 articles, alphabetically arranged and fully cross-referenced, N. J. H. Dent explores all facets of Rousseau's work and thoughts, while his subject's remarkable life is (...) summarized in a biographical introduction. Details of works by and about Rousseau are listed in an extensive bibliography. For students or general readers seeking an introduction to Rousseau's work, and for those already familiar with the material who require a convenient reference source, this dictionary is essential reading. (shrink)

Researching the organization and management of international public affairs (IPA) in the then-new multinational enterprises (MNEs) started in the 1960s. At first, IPA studies kept fairly good pace with what was known about the MNEs' nonmarket environments, their structurings, and their processes. After 1980, a disconnect developed in our knowledge of these three interrelated topics. In particular, much of more recent IPA research (a) fails to reflect the true scope, real actors, and organizational location of the IPA function; (b) remains (...) focused on old issues (e.g., the hierarchical relationship between headquarters and subsidiaries); (c) is mired in complex statistical analyses of remote data; (d) uses relevant theories in rather marginal ways; and (e) overlooks the impact on IPA of such important developments as mergers, acquisitions, and divestments. Yet, investigators can stretch their research methodologies and refocus their studies on the organization and management of the two faces of public affairs—offensive and defensive—in the context of new nonmarket threats and opportunities. (shrink)

Volume 7 in Forschungen zur Pädagogik und Anthropologie. The emphasis on the human body as a key to an understanding of man and the world has been one of the defining characteristics of contemporary existentialism. The role of the human body as it is discussed by the two major French "Existentialists," Jean-Paul Sartre and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, is discussed by Willi Maier in relation to the ethical and social views of the philosophy of each, and implications for the social sciences (...) are drawn by contrasting their descriptions of human corporeality. Well-founded yet sympathetic observations are made about the respective importance of the roles of human corporeality such that the position of Merleau-Ponty is seen not only as the more encompassing but also the more fruitful and less-problematic for adoption by social scientists as a solution to certain difficulties which plague them. This is a carefully critical yet empathetic and highly suggestive account of what may be considered the most fruitful contribution of these phenomenologists to philosophy and the "human" disciplines in general.—J. E. B. (shrink)

This volume offers the first English language collection of academic essays on the post-Holocaust thought of Jean Améry, a Jewish-Austrian-Belgian essayist, journalist and literary author. Comprehensive in scope and multi-disciplinary in orientation, contributors explore central aspects of Améry's philosophical and ethical position, including dignity, responsibility, resentment, and forgiveness.

This book is a collection of secondary essays on America's most important philosophic thinkers—statesmen, judges, writers, educators, and activists—from the colonial period to the present. Each essay is a comprehensive introduction to the thought of a noted American on the fundamental meaning of the American regime.

© 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.Genetic studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the risk of prostate cancer. It remains unclear whether such genetic variants are associated with disease aggressiveness. The NCI-SPORE Genetics Working Group retrospectively collected clinicopathologic information and genotype data for 36 SNPs which at the time had been validated to be associated with PC risk from 25,674 cases with PC. Cases were grouped according to race, Gleason score and aggressiveness. Statistical analyses were used to compare the frequency (...) of the SNPs between different disease cohorts. After adjusting for multiple testing, only PC-risk SNP rs2735839 was significantly and inversely associated with aggressive and high-grade disease in European men. Similar associations with aggressive and high-grade disease were documented in African-American subjects. The G allele of rs2735839 was associated with disease aggressiveness even at low PSA levels in both European and African-American men. Our results provide further support that a PC-risk SNP rs2735839 near the KLK3 gene on chromosome 19q13 may be associated with aggressive and high-grade PC. Future prospectively designed, case-case GWAS are needed to identify additional SNPs associated with PC aggressiveness. (shrink)

In his 1914 paper “The Day of the Expert,” Benjamin Ives Gilman expressed the hope that organizations would be ruled by experts instead of managers and politicians. My first part addresses his conception of expertise. Significantly, he referred to J. McKeen Cattell’s article “University Control.” In this paper, Cattell condemned “the transference to university administration of methods current in business and in politics.” I thus examine university policy as a particular case and ask whether managers would do better than experts (...) at the head of colleges. My last part investigates the possibility of a general science of reasoning, whose experts would properly be experts in taking steps, decisions and actions, an essential quality to managers. I follow the lead of Charles S. Peirce, who taught both Gilman and Cattell. I eventually suggest that boards should be mixed, and argue against leaving the whole power to managers, because they are not and cannot be experts in (good) reasoning. (shrink)

Ce volume couvre un domaine de recherche absolument nouveau : le champ qui s'étend de la logique à l'argumentation. Après une analyse rigoureuse des fondements de la logique mathématique, l'auteur montre l'importance de l'argumentation et des preuves argumentatives dans les affaires humaines. Il tente ensuite de fonder scientifiquement l'étude des argumentations et d'ouvrir de nouvelles voies dans le domaine jusqu'ici peu connu de la logique naturelle. Les pages qui sont dans ce volume consacrées à la logique naturelle sont d'une nouveauté (...) absolue, et valent comme un apport de premier ordre au débat actuel sur la crise de la Raison. J.B. Grize s'affirme dans ce volume comme le plus novateur des chercheurs suisses d'aujourd'hui.? Page de début Préface Bibliographie de Jean-Blaise Grize Présentation Introduction. Vers une logique naturelle 1. Portée et limites de la formalisation 2. Théorie et explication 3. Remarques sur les limitations des formalismes 4. Vers une logique du quotidien 5. Logique et sciences humaines 6. Vers une psycho-logique 7. Réflexions pour une recherche sur l'argumentation 8. Logique et adaptation. En hommage au professeur 9. La schématisation et ses problèmes 10. Logique et organisation du discours 11. Logique et argumentation 12. Schématisation, représentations et images 13. Logique du discours et institutions sociales 14. Quelques opérations de la logique naturelle 15. Pour aborder l'étude des structures du discoursquotidien Bibliographie des ouvrages cités Index des noms Page de fin. (shrink)

In the end of the 1960s France witnessed the response of the younger generation of philosophers to the leftist ideologies of 1968, as well as to the "intellectual models" of that time: Sartre, Lévi-Strauss, Lacan etc. It was from this response that the so called "new philosophy" raised. Among them also B.-H. Lévy, who later, as a mature philosopher , in spite of having suppressed his model J.-P. Sartre returned to him in his remarkable biography. The question than is: Which (...) Sartre - then there were more than one Sartre: Sartre as the author of Nausea is not identical with Sartre as a follower of Stalinism - and how could he substantiate the whole century, which was a century of seething of ideas, events mostly tragic, challenges, defeats, which all are constitutive of our modernity? (shrink)

‘On the 26th of January 1950, we are going to enter into a life of contradictions. In politics we will have equality and in social and economic life we will have inequality’. B. R. Ambedkar’s famous last speech to the Constituent Assembly on 25 November 1949 still resonates within contemporary Indian constitutional law, and even more so his following interrogation: ‘how long shall we continue to live this life of contradictions?’ Prima facie societal, the contradiction is however also a temporal (...) one, Indian constitutional law being founded on both the British traditional idea of ‘continuum’ and the American inspired revolutionary principles of ‘pursuance’ of a novel legal and social order. Two recent Indian Supreme Court decisions pertaining to the de-criminalisation of same sex relations ( Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India) and for the right of menstruating women to enter the Sabarimala Temple in Kerala ( Indian Young Lawyers Association v. Union of India) offer through their differing and sometimes dissenting opinions a glimpse at those temporal contradictions. Through an analysis of both decisions and in particular that of Chandrachud J. and Malhotra J.’s judgements, this article seeks to highlight two radically differing conceptions of temporality applied to constitutional issues, which can themselves be linked back to the transposition of the legal positivist discourse in India within the colonial era: on the one hand, an attempt to continue Common law’s empirical-based tradition and on the other hand, an (apparently) a-historical perception of Law drawn from neo-Roman civilian legal discourse and later normative positivism. If both branches of legal reasoning aim at protecting minorities’ rights, the value they inscribe to History within the realm of Law cannot be further apart. (shrink)

La liberté d'expression: règle immuable de l'Université, par C. Terrier.--Message de bienvenue aux nouveaux étudiants, par S. Gallay.--Logique et connaissance, apr J.-B. Grize.